Working capital refers to the day-to-day funds a business uses to manage its operations. It is the difference between current assets (such as cash, stock, and trade debtors) and current liabilities (such as trade creditors and short-term loans). Efficient working capital management is crucial for the smooth running of any business. But where does this money actually come from?

There are two main types of funding for working capital: internal and external.

Internal sources come from within the business. Profits retained after tax can be reinvested to support stock purchases, fund short-term customer credit, or settle supplier bills. Delaying payments to suppliers (without harming relationships) can also ease pressure on cash flow, as can encouraging faster customer payments. Managing stock levels carefully to avoid tying up funds in excess inventory is another way businesses internally finance working capital needs.

However, not all businesses have the luxury of strong retained profits or optimal cash flow. This is where external sources come into play.

Bank overdrafts are a common short-term solution. They offer flexible access to funds, often with interest charged only on the amount used. Overdrafts are useful for bridging short-term cash flow gaps but can become costly if used for extended periods.

Trade credit from suppliers is another widely used form of funding. By offering payment terms of 30 to 90 days, suppliers effectively finance part of a business’s working capital.

Invoice finance, including factoring and invoice discounting, allows businesses to release cash tied up in unpaid invoices. A lender advances a percentage of the invoice value upfront, improving cash flow while awaiting customer payment.

Short-term loans and revolving credit facilities are also available. These may come from banks or alternative lenders and can provide structured funding with fixed repayment schedules.

The right mix of funding depends on the nature of the business, the industry it operates in, and its financial health.

Certain company changes—like a new registered address, email, or director—must be reported to Companies House promptly. Failure to update records risks penalties and non-compliance with UK company law.

These include the following:

Updating the registered office address

If you change your company’s registered office, you are required to notify Companies House. Note that the new address must remain within the same part of the UK where your company was initially registered. For instance, a company incorporated in England and Wales must maintain its registered address within those regions.

Your company’s new address will only be officially changed once Companies House has registered the update. Once this is done, they will automatically inform HMRC.

Changing the registered email address

If you need to update your company's official email address, this involves a separate process. To change a registered email address a request should be made at https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/registered-email-address

Other changes that require notification

You should inform HMRC if there are updates to your contact information, business name, or if you appoint an accountant or tax adviser.

You must also notify Companies House within 14 days of any changes involving:

• Company directors or their personal details
• Individuals with significant control (PSC)
• The address where you keep your records, and which records you keep
• Appointment or resignation of company secretaries

Finally, if you issue new shares, Companies House must be notified within a month.

You can report these changes using the Companies House online service or by submitting the appropriate paper forms.

Employees using company fuel for private journeys can sidestep a hefty benefit charge by repaying the full private fuel cost to their employer by 6 July 2025. Miss the deadline, and tax becomes unavoidable.

This repayment process is known as "making good," and requires the employee to repay the employer for private fuel no later than 6 July following the end of the tax year. For the 2024–25 tax year, the repayment must be completed by 6 July 2025.

If the repayment is not made by the deadline, the employee becomes liable for the car fuel benefit charge. This charge is calculated based on the vehicle’s CO2 emissions and the car fuel benefit multiplier. The charge applies regardless of the actual amount of private fuel used, making it potentially costly for employees who only use a small amount of fuel for private journeys, such as commuting.

To avoid the tax, the employee must fully repay the employer for all private fuel used during the year, including fuel used to travel to and from work. Accurate record-keeping is essential, as HMRC will only accept that no benefit has arisen if the full cost is repaid by the deadline. In many cases, repaying the private fuel cost can be more financially beneficial than paying the fuel benefit charge.

Employers must pay Class 1A NICs for 2024–25 benefits by 19 July (post) or 22 July (electronic). These apply to perks like company cars and private health cover—late payment risks penalties from HMRC.

Class 1A NICs are payable by employers on the value of most taxable benefits offered to employees and directors, including company cars and private medical insurance. They are also due on any portion of termination payments exceeding £30,000, provided that Class 1 NICs have not already been applied.

To ensure the payment is correctly allocated, employers should use their Accounts Office reference number as the payment reference and clearly indicate the relevant tax year and month. It is important to note that Class 1A NICs paid in July always relate to the previous tax year.

There are three key dates employers must remember for the 2024–25 Class 1A NICs. Forms P11D and P11D(b) must be submitted by 6 July 2025. Postal cheque payments must reach HMRC by 19 July 2025, and electronic payments must clear into HMRC’s bank account by 22 July 2025.

These contributions generally apply to benefits provided to company directors, employees, individuals in controlling positions, and their family or household members.

Business Asset Rollover Relief, allows taxpayers to defer Capital Gains Tax (CGT) on gains arising from the sale or disposal of certain business assets, provided the proceeds are reinvested into new business assets. Rather than paying CGT immediately, the gain is "rolled over" into the cost of the new asset, and the tax liability is deferred until that new asset is eventually sold.

If part of the proceeds from the original asset’s sale is reinvested, a partial rollover relief claim can be made. Taxpayers may also apply for provisional relief if they intend to purchase replacement assets but have not yet done so. Additionally, rollover relief may apply where the proceeds are used to improve existing business assets, not just to acquire new ones. The amount of relief available depends on how much of the proceeds are reinvested.

To qualify, certain conditions must be met. The replacement assets must be purchased within three years after, or up to one year before, the disposal of the old assets. In some cases, HMRC may extend these time limits. Both the old and new assets must be actively used in the business, and the business must be trading at the time of sale and acquisition. Finally, the relief must be claimed within four years from the end of the tax year in which the new asset was acquired, or the old one sold, if that occurred later.