As part of the October Budget the Chancellor announced the highest ever level of government investment of £20.4 billion in research and development for next year, reinforcing the government’s commitment to back the UK’s R&D ecosystem to drive economic growth and achieve its five national missions.

The Budget will fully fund the UK’s association with Horizon Europe, providing scientists and innovators access to the world’s largest collaborative funding scheme, with over £80 billion available for cutting-edge projects under the EU scheme. The Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT) R&D budget has increased to £13.9 billion, and core research funding has also been increased to a record £6.1 billion, bolstering the UK’s leading research base.

A significant part of this Budget is dedicated to the UK’s life sciences sector, a cornerstone for positioning the UK as a leader in science and innovation, through a £520 million commitment to the Life Sciences Innovative Manufacturing Fund.

Additionally, the Chancellor announced funding for several other programmes to be led by DSIT. Together, these investments underscore the importance of science and technology in driving economic growth essential to raising living standards and funding public services, positioning the UK at the forefront of global innovation and progress.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Rachel Reeves announced significant increases to the Minimum Wage rates on the eve of the Budget. The Chancellor confirmed that the government has accepted in full the proposals of the Low Pay Commission (LPC) for increasing minimum wage rates from 1 April 2025. The LPC’s advisory remit was overhauled by ministers in July to consider the cost of living.

The National Living Wage (NLW) rate will increase from £11.44 to £12.21 on 1 April 2025 and represents an increase of 77p or 6.7%. The NLW is the minimum hourly rate that must be paid to those aged 21 or over. The increase represents a pay rise of over £1,400 a year for someone working full-time and earning the NLW.

It was also announced that the National Minimum Wage (for 18-20 year olds) will increase from £8.60 to £10.00 an hour. This is largest increase ever in the NMW (an impressive 16.3% increase) that will see younger workers having their pay boosted by up to £2,500 next year. This increase is part of a move to narrow the gap in wage rates for 18-20 years olds and the NLW and ultimately create a single adult wage rate for all those aged 18 and over.

The NMW rates for 16 to 17 years old will increase from £6.40 to £7.55 – an increase of £1.15 or 18% per hour – from next April. The Apprentice Rate will mirror this increase in line with earlier recommendations by the LPC.

As had been widely predicted, the Chancellor announced increases to the rate of National Insurance contributions (NICs) that are paid by employers. The main rate of secondary Class 1 NICs will increase by 1.2% to 15% (from 13.8%) effective from 6 April 2025. The Class 1A and Class 1B employer rates will also increase in line with this change.

The Class 1 NICs secondary threshold, the level at which employers start to pay NICs, will also be reduced to £5,000 (from £9,100) per year. This change will take effect from 6 April 2025 and last until 5 April 2028. Thereafter, the secondary Class 1 NICs threshold will be increased annually in line with the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

To help small businesses with these changes it was also announced by the Chancellor, Rachel Reeves, that the Employment Allowance will increase from £5,000 to £10,500. Currently, the allowance is only available to employers that have employer NIC liabilities of under £100,000. The Chancellor confirmed that this threshold will be removed and that all eligible small businesses will benefit from the increased rate. Government figures have confirmed that this results in 865,000 employers paying no NICs next year. These changes will come into effect from April 2025.

In the Budget it was announced that the rates of Capital Gains Tax (CGT) are to be increased with immediate effect. The main rates of CGT that apply to assets other than residential property and carried interest will increase from 10% to 18% (for Income Tax basic rate payers) and from 20% to 24% (for Income Tax higher rate payers). The changes are applicable for disposals made on or after 30 October 2024.

The rate of CGT that applies to trustees and personal representatives also increases from 20% to 24% for disposals made on or after 30 October 2024. The rates of CGT that apply to residential property disposals (18% and 24%) remain unchanged. The new rates will now mirror these rates as had historically been the case.

The rate of CGT that applies to Business Asset Disposal Relief and Investors’ Relief will increase from 10% to 14% for disposals made on or after 6 April 2025. There will then be a further increase, from 14% to 18% for disposals made on or after 6 April 2026. There were no changes announced to the lifetime limit for Business Asset Disposal Relief, which remains at a £1 million lifetime limit. However, the lifetime limit for Investors’ Relief has been reduced from £10 million to £1 million for IR qualifying disposals made on or after 30 October 2024.

There are special provisions for contracts entered into before 30 October 2024 but completed after that date for the main rate changes, and for contracts entered into on or after 30 October 2024 for the phased rate change that applies to Business Asset Disposal Relief and Investors’ Relief. There are also special provisions for share reorganisations and exchanges where an election is made.

It was further announced that the normal and higher rates of CGT on carried interest (currently 18% and 28% respectively) will increase to a single unified rate of 32% from 6 April 2025. From April 2026, carried interest will be subject to a wider package of policy changes that will be announced at a later date.

A number of changes to Inheritance Tax (IHT) were announced as part of the Budget measures. We have covered each of the main measures below. It should be noted that these changes are not coming into effect until April 2026 at the earliest.

IHT reliefs

Changes were announced to IHT Business Relief and IHT Agricultural Property Relief. Currently, these reliefs can offer a significant tax benefit for estates with qualifying business and agricultural assets. Under these reliefs, a benefit of either 50% or 100% relief is available from IHT with no cap.

The Chancellor announced that from April 2026, qualifying estates with agricultural or business assets will only be able to claim 100% tax relief on the first £1 million of assets. Any value over £1 million will see tax relief restricted to 50%. A consultation is expected to be published next year with further details of the intended changes.

Inherited pensions

Most undrawn private pensions are currently excluded from IHT on death. It has been announced that this will change from 6 April 2027 when the value of unused pension funds and death benefits payable will be included in IHT calculations.

This effectively means that the value of the pension pot will be added to other assets to be included in the value of a person’s estate and therefore potentially chargeable to IHT. A consultation on the proposed changes has been launched.

As part of these changes, pension scheme administrators will become liable for reporting and paying any IHT due on unused pension funds and death benefits.

IHT nil-rate bands

The IHT nil-rate bands have been frozen for a number of years and had been set to remain at current levels until 5 April 2028. The Chancellor announced that the government will extend this freeze for another 2 years until 5 April 2030.

This means that:

• the nil-rate band will continue at £325,000
• residence nil-rate band will continue at £175,000
• residence nil-rate band taper will continue to start at £2 million.